Overview of the Great Awakening U.S. Religious Revival

The Great Awakening of 1720-1745 was a period of intense religious revivalism that spread throughout the American colonies. The movement deemphasized the higher authority of church doctrine and instead put greater importance on the individual and his or her spiritual experience.   The Great Awakening arose at a time when people in Europe and the American colonies were questioning the role of the individual in religion and society. It began at the same time as the Enlightenment which emphasized logic and reason and stressed the power of the individual to understand the universe based on scientific laws. Similarly, individuals grew to rely more on a personal approach to salvation than church dogma and doctrine. There was a feeling among believers that established religion had become complacent. This new movement emphasized an emotional, spiritual, and personal relationship with God.   Historical Context of Puritanism By the early 18th century, the New England theocracy clung to a medieval concept of religious authority. At first, the challenges of living in a colonial America isolated from its roots in Europe served to support an autocratic leadership; but by the 1720s, the increasingly diverse, commercially successful colonies had a stronger sense of independence. The church had to change. One possible source of inspiration for great change occurred in October of 1727 when an earthquake rattled the region. Ministers preached that the Great Earthquake was Gods latest rebuke to New England, a universal shock that might presage the final conflagration and the day of judgment. The number of religious converts increased for some months afterward. Revivalism The Great Awakening movement divided longstanding denominations such as the Congregational and Presbyterian churches and created an opening for new evangelical strength in Baptists and Methodists. That began with a series of revival sermons from preachers who were either not associated with mainstream churches, or who were diverging from those churches. Most scholars date the beginning of the revival era of the Great Awakening to the Northampton revival which began in the church of Jonathan Edwards in 1733. Edwards gained the post from his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, who had exercised a great deal of control over the community from 1662 until his death in 1729. By the time Edwards took the pulpit, though, things had slipped; licentiousness prevailed particularly with young people. Within a few years of Edwards leadership, the young people by degrees left off their frolics and returned to spirituality. Edwards who preached for close to ten years in New England emphasized a personal approach to religion. He bucked the Puritan tradition and called for an end to intolerance and unity among all Christians. His most famous sermon was Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, delivered in 1741. In this sermon, he explained that salvation was a direct result of God and could not be attained by human works as the Puritans preached. So that, whatever some have imagined and pretended about promises made to natural men’s earnest seeking and knocking, it is plain and manifest, that whatever pains a natural man takes in religion, whatever prayers he makes, till he believes in Christ, God is under no manner of obligation to keep him a moment from eternal destruction. The Grand Itinerant A second important figure during the Great Awakening was George Whitefield. Unlike Edwards, Whitefield was a British minister who moved to colonial America. He was known as the Great Itinerant because he traveled and preached all around North America and Europe between 1740 and 1770. His revivals led to many conversions, and the Great Awakening spread from North America back to the European continent. In 1740 Whitefield left Boston to begin a 24-day journey through New England. His initial purpose was to collect money for his Bethesda orphanage, but he lit religious fires, and the ensuing revival engulfed most of New England. By the time he returned to Boston, crowds at his sermons grew, and his farewell sermon was said to have included some 30,000 people. The message of the revival was to return to religion, but it was a religion that would be available to all sectors, all classes, and all economies. New Light Versus Old Light The church of the original colonies was various versions of entrenched Puritanism, underpinned by Calvinism. The orthodox Puritan colonies were societies of status and subordination, with the ranks of men arranged in strict hierarchies. Lower classes were subservient and obedient to a class of spiritual and governing elite, made up of upper-class gentlemen and scholars. The church saw this hierarchy as a status that was fixed at birth, and the doctrinal emphasis was placed on the depravity of (common) man, and the sovereignty of God as represented by his church leadership. But in the colonies before the American Revolution, there were clearly social changes at work, including a rising commercial and capitalist economy, as well as increased diversity and individualism. This, in turn, created a rise of class antagonism and hostilities. If God bestows his grace on an individual, why did that gift have to be ratified by a church official? The Significance of the Great Awakening The Great Awakening had a major impact on Protestantism, as a number of new offshoots grew out of that denomination, but with an emphasis on individual piety and religious inquiry. The movement also prompted a rise in evangelicalism, which united believers under the umbrella of like-minded Christians, regardless of denomination, for whom the path to salvation was the acknowledgment that Jesus Christ died for our sins. While a great unifier among the people living in the American colonies, this wave of religious revivalism did have its opponents. Traditional clergy asserted that it fomented fanaticism and that the emphasis on extemporaneous preaching would increase the number of uneducated preachers and downright charlatans. It pushed individual religious experience over established church doctrine, thereby decreasing the importance and weight of the clergy and the church in many instances.New denominations arose or grew in numbers as a result of the emphasis on individual faith and salvation.It unified the American colonies as it spread through numerous preachers and revivals. This unification was greater than had ever been achieved previously in the colonies. Sources Cowing, Cedric B. Sex and Preaching in the Great Awakening. American Quarterly 20.3 (1968): 624-44. Print.Rossel, Robert D. The Great Awakening: An Historical Analysis. American Journal of Sociology 75.6 (1970): 907-25. Print.Van de Wetering, John E. The Christian History of the Great Awakening. Journal of Presbyterian History (1962-1985) 44.2 (1966): 122-29. Print.

1984 and Nazism - 1401 Words

Nobody can disagree with the fact that George Orwell’s vision, in his book 1984, didn’t come true. Though many people worried that the world might actually come to what Orwell thought, the year 1984 came and went and the world that Orwell created was something people did not have to worry about anymore. Many people have wondered what was happening in Orwell’s life and in his time that would inspire him to create this politically motivated book. A totalitarian world where one person rules and declares what is a crime and what is not, is something many people would have been scared of a lot. The totalitarianism in 1984 is very similar to the Nazism that was occurring in Germany with Hitler. This could have been the key thing that motivated†¦show more content†¦An example from 1984 would be Mr. Charrington, the shop owner of a secondhand store where Winston buys a diary and a glass paperweight. He is not what he seems when he captures Winston and Julia, Win stons lover, in the room above the shop, with a uniform of the Thought Police on. The Thought Police reminds me very much of Hitlers secret police, the Gestapo. They were a group chosen to investigate and combat all tendencies dangerous to the state (Bradley 1). Many people were scared of them because they would arrest people and make them guilty of a crime, and without a trial, they would go straight to a concentration camp or some other place. Many people, like churchmen, had to be cautious because anything they wrote or said would be noted by the Gestapo (Bradley 1). Orwell couldn’t have thought of everything involving the Thought Police by himself, which is why the Gestapo is a great inspiration to create something like the Thought Police. Living the life of a member of the Outer Party is not easy, just like it was not easy being a Jew in Nazi Germany. The concentrations camps and the many race laws made it difficult for many people. The Jews could not do things like take a pre-college exam, be in a Nazi youth group, or be in the work service because of the race laws (Crane 53). This is kind of like the proles, where there were things that they could not have and do that The Party could. Just like in 1984, whereShow MoreRelatedControl Of Senses And Its Fallacy1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthere is a force that can restrain and control the sensory functions of the human race, that force will be able to control the humans to achieve anything. In George Orwell’s 1984, the control of human sensible qualities in order to achieve power is shown through the act of the Party. However, inferred from the Appendix of 1984, Oceania eventually falls. 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Republics of Former Yugoslavia free essay sample

History of ethnic rivalries among Serbs, Croats Muslims, civil war, religion, communism, govt., potential for peace. Ethnic differences between the Balkan republics during the last century are the driving force behind todays war in the former Yugoslavia. Although once united in an uneasy peace with one another under a watered down communist regime, the republics have always been divided by ethnic, religious, and political differences. By the 1990s, these differences reached a flashpoint, and the Yugoslavian republics were headed on a collision course. Because the Yugoslavian republics had been federally forced together despite their differences, what appeared as relative stability was, in fact, an explosion waiting to happen. Some of the differences leading to the ongoing bitterness and strife between the different republics will be examined. In addition, an overview of past communist rule will show that the republics have always struggled for autonomy, despite strong federal forces. Finally, a look at future possibilities will include a discussion of the probability of peace or continued war. We will write a custom essay sample on Republics of Former Yugoslavia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Nationalism Philippine Revolution Essay Sample free essay sample

Filipino patriotism began with an rush of loyal sentiments and chauvinistic ideals in the 1800s Philippines that came as a effect of more than three centuries of Spanish regulation. This served as the anchor of the first nationalist revolution in Asia. the Filipino Revolution of 1896. [ 1 ] and continues up to this twenty-four hours. These chauvinistic sentiments have led to a wide-ranging run for political. societal. and economical freedom in the Philippines. -patriotic sentiments and chauvinistic ideals in the Philippines in 19th century. -a consequence of more than two centuries of Spanish regulation. -an immediate result of the Filipino Propaganda Movement ( largely in Europe ) from 1872 to1892. -served as the anchor of the first nationalist revolution in Asia. the Filipino Revolution of 1896. The Start of Filipino Nationalism ( 1760s-1820s ) The term â€Å"Filipino† originally referred to the indigens of the Philippines themselves. It was Pedro Chirino. a Spanish Jesuit. who foremost called the indigens â€Å"Filipinos. We will write a custom essay sample on Nationalism: Philippine Revolution Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † in his book Relacion de las Islas Filipinas ( Rome. 1604 ) . However. during their 333-year regulation of the Philippines. the Spanish swayers preferred to name the indigens indios. [ 5 ] Besides during the colonial epoch. the Spaniards Born in the Philippines. who were more known as insulares. criollos. or Creoles. were besides called â€Å"Filipinos. † Spanish-born Spaniards or mainland Spaniards shacking in the Philippines were referred to as Peninsulares. Those of assorted lineage were referred to as Mestizos. The Creoles. despite being regarded by the Peninsulares as inferior to them. had enjoyed assorted authorities and church places. and composed the bulk of the authorities bureaucratism. [ 6 ] The sense of national consciousness came from the Creoles. who now regard themselves as â€Å"Filipino† . It was brought to its coming by three major factors: 1 ) economic system. 2 ) instruction and 3 ) secularisation of parishes. Further advancement of Filipino Nationalism ( 1820s-1860 ) At this phase. the Creoles easy introduced their ain reforms. Parishs began to hold native priests at the clip of Archbishop Sancho. The Philippines was given representation in the Spanish Cortes three times ( last clip was from 1836–1837 ) . [ 9 ] However. on June 1. 1823. a Creole rebellion broke out in Manila led by the Mexican-blood Creole captain Andres Novales. [ 10 ] The rebellion. caused by an order from Spain that declared military officers commissioned in the Peninsula ( Spain ) should outrank all those appointed in the Colonies. saw Manila heartening with Novales’s call of â€Å"Viva la Independencia† ( English: Long Live Independence ) . The rebellion prompted the authorities to behave Varela together with other Creoles [ allegedly known as Los Hijosdel Pais ( English: The Children of the Country ) ] . after being associated with the Creole reformers. The Novales Revolt would shortly be followed by another Creole secret plan of sezession known as the Palmero Conspiracy. which was caused by the replacing of Creole public functionaries. particularly provincial governors. with Peninsulars. Economic developments besides did a portion in doing up the form of Filipino Nationalism. Before the gap of Manila to foreign trade. the Spanish governments discouraged foreign merchandisers from shacking in the settlement and prosecuting in concern. [ 11 ] In 1823. Governor-General Mariano Ricafort promulgated an edict prohibiting foreign merchandisers from prosecuting in retail trade and sing the states for intents of trade. However. by the royal edict of September 6. 1834. the privileges of the Company were abolished and the port of Manila was opened to merchandise. [ 12 ] Shortly after opening Manila to universe trade. the Spanish merchandisers began to lose their commercial domination in the Philippines. In 1834. limitations against foreign bargainers were relaxed when Manila became an unfastened port. By the terminal of 1859. there were 15 foreign houses in Manila: seven of which were British. three American. two Gallic. two Swiss and one German. [ 12 ] In response to Sinibaldo de Mas’ recommendations. more ports were opened by Spain to universe trade. The ports of Sual. Pangasinan. Iloilo and Zamboanga were opened in 1855. Cebu was opened in 1860. Legazpi and Tacloban in 1873. [ 13 ] Like Japan that rushed into modernisation and national transmutation during the Meiji Restoration. the Philippines and its people saw that the Spanish and its authorities is non every bit unbeatable as it was two centuries before. The Indios and the Creoles became more influenced by foreign thoughts of liberalism as the Philippines became more unfastened to aliens. Foreigners who visited the Philippines had noticed the velocity of the circulation of the thoughts of Voltaire and Thomas Paine. Songs about autonomy and equality were besides being sung at the clip. Some Spanish who foresaw a â€Å"fast verging† Indio coup detat of the archipelago began to direct money out of the Philippines Factor THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM 1. the revolutions in Europe and in Latin America( opened the Philippines tointernational trade. ) 2. the rise of a Middle Class from which came the ilustrado elites thatsoonbecame the chief fomenters against the Spanish Regime. 3. the bureaucratic centralised authorities established in Manila had caused widespread discontent in the full archipelago. 4. The executing of the Gomburza became a flicker among the educatedilustrados. 5. The Propaganda Movement ( 1872-1892 ) called for the assimilation of thePhilippines as a state of Spain so that the same Torahs will be applied in thePhilippines and that the dwellers of the Philippines will see thesame civil autonomies and rights as that of a Spanish citizen The Propaganda Movement Prime Movers:1. GracianoLopezJaena2. Marcelo H. Del Pilar3. Mariano Ponce4. Jose Rizal Propaganda Movement -was a literary and cultural organisation formed in1872 by Filipino emigres who had settled inEurope. Composed of Filipino progressives exiled in1872 and pupils go toing Europe’s universities. the organisation aimed to increase Spanishawareness of the demands of its settlement. thePhilippines and to propagatea closer relationshipbetween the settlement and Spain. Aims of Propaganda Movement: 1. Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales. theSpanish parliament ;2. Secularization of the clergy3. Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality ;4. Creation of a public school system independent of the mendicants5. Abolition of thepolo ( labour service ) andvandala ( forced sale of local merchandises to the authorities )6. Guarantee of basic freedoms of address and association7. Equal chance for Filipinos and Spanish to come in governmentservice.8. Recognition of the Philippines as a state of Spain9. Secularization of Philippine parishes10. Recognition of human rights La Solidaridad -the vehicle of expressionof the PropagandaMovement.-For more than five old ages of being. itbecame the chief organ of the motion. It existed from Feb 15. 1889 to Nov 15. 1895. Graciano Lopez Jaena-Founder and first editor of LaSolidaridad. Together with Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. DelPilar. he undertook propagandacampaigns in Spain. But he was soonsucceeded by Marcelo H. delPilar. Rizal and The Development of Filipino Nationalism The most outstanding Propagandist was JoseRizal. a doctor. bookman. scientist. and author. Rizal’s calling spanned two universes: 1. Among little communities of Filipino pupils in Madrid andother European metropoliss. hebecame a leader and facile spokesman 2. In the wider universe of European scienceand scholarship–particularly inGermany–he formed near relationshipswith outstanding natural and socialscientists His greatest impact on the development of a Filipino national consciousness. nevertheless. was his publication of two novels– Noli Me Tangere( Touch me non ) in 1886andEl Filibusterismo( The reign of greed ) in 1891. Rizal drew on his personalexperiences and depicted the conditions of Spanish regulation in the islands. particularlythe maltreatments of the mendicants. Although the mendicants had Rizal’s books banned. they weresmuggled into the Philippines and quickly gained a broad readership. What are the kernel of patriotism in the novels of Rizal? As Gospels of Philippine patriotism. Rizal’s novels convey the kernel of his patriotism that was to resound in the Black Marias of the people. He identified this kernel in his letters as his aspiration to relieve the agonies of the multitudes. to do work forces worthy. to revenge one twenty-four hours the many victims of inhuman treatment and unfairness. to raise a memorial to the native lingua and to educate his people. In the two novels. the kernel of Rizal’s patriotism is best understood through the acute survey of the characters. Through their duologue and actions. in their thoughts and ideals. or in the deficiency of these are seen Rizal’s scope of vision. his construct of love of state. his entreaty for reforms. his attitude towards the mendicants. and his positions on the failings of the Filipinos. Citations about Patriotism: * Law has no tegument. ground has no anterior nariss. – ( The Philippines: A Century Hence ) * To wish that the alleged kid remain in its swaddling apparels tis to put on the line that it may turn against its nurse and flee. rupturing off the old shred that bind it. ( The Philippines: A Century Hence ) * The dictatorship of some is possible merely through the cowardliness of others. ( Letter to the Young Women of Malolos – translated by Gregorio Zaide ) * A authorities that regulations a state from a great distance is the 1 that has the most need for a free imperativeness more so even than the authorities of the place state. ( The Philippines: A Century Hence ) * Encystment of a conquest people is possible. for it signifies complete isolation. absolute inactiveness. infirmity in the conquest component. Encystment therefore means the grave of the foreign encroacher. ( The Philippines: A Century Hence ) * While a people preserves its linguistic communication: it preserves the Markss of autonomy. * It is a useless life that is non consecrated to a great trade. It is like a rock wasted on the field without going a portion of any building. * I wish to demo those who deny us nationalism that we know how to decease for our state and strong beliefs. ( inscribed at Fort Santiago Walls ) * Ignorance is servitude. because as a adult male thinks. so he is ; a adult male who does non believe for himself and allowed himself to be guided by the idea of another is like the animal led by a hackamore. ( Letter to the Young Women of Malolos )

Operations Management and Technology essays

Operations Management and Technology essays Hard Rock Caf Singapore: Wireless Technology Innovation The first Hard Rock Cafe (HRC) opened its doors to the public on June 14, 1971, in London, England. Founded by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton, two enterprising and music-loving Americans, HRC was an instant classic, attracting droves of customers with its first-rate, but moderately priced casual American fare, warm service and ever-present rock 'n' roll music and sensibility. Although it was initially decorated with an eye toward eclectic Americana, HRC has ultimately become the world's leading collector and exhibitors of rock 'n' roll memorabilia. Hard Rock began its global expansion in 1982, when Tigrett and Morton agreed to develop their own Hard Rock Cafes in various parts of the globe. (hardrockcafe.com) One of the franchises of Hard Rock Caf is Hard Rock Caf Singapore owned by HPL, the company that owns 50 percent of HRC Holdings which holds the franchises for the operation of HRC in various Asian countries (Chan, 2004). The problems that first beset HRC Singapore are: (1) time spent by waiters going from one table to another and taking orders, (2) the kitchen staff had to wait for the waiters to physically bring the order slips before they can start cooking the orders, and (3) the cashiers need to manually input orders taken by the waters and process the bill for the customers. The sum total of the problems basically is that it takes a lot of time and manpower to perform basic restaurant functions. To remediate the situation, HRC Singapore performed a business process reengineering (BPR) of their order taking, order processing and billing. The implementation of wireless technology was the solution they favored and the hip restaurant has overhauled its older order-taking processes, investing S$100,000 (US$58,546) in a new wireless point of sale (POS) system. (Chan, 2004) By integrating the handheld HP iPAQ ...

Acetone - Background of the Study Essay Example for Free

Acetone – Background of the Study Essay ? Familiar household uses of acetone are as the active ingredient in nail polish removers and as paint thinner. Acetone can also be used for medical and cosmetic uses, such as applying acetone with alcohol for acne treatments to peel dry skin. It can also remove residues from glass and porcelain and it can also remove super glue from the skin. Perhaps, acetone is very useful in our everyday lives. Acetone is also known to remove ball pen marks on fabrics and clothings. It has ethyl acetate that is said to remove ball pen stains. Most people accidentally rubs ball pen marks on their clothing on a daily basis. The study was done to find out if acetone is more effective and easier to remove ball pen marks on clothings or fabrics than normal laundry detergent. The study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is a more effective and easier way in removing ball pen stains on fabrics? 2. Is acetone effective in removing ball pen marks? If the ball pen mark is removed and the clothing is cleaner and whiter using acetone then acetone is more effective and easier way to remove ball pen marks on the clothing. The study was done to find out if acetone is effective in removing ball pen marks. The study will help mostly students and working adults and everyone who uses ball pen. They will benefit because most of the users have their ball pens blotting on a daily basis. The amount of bleach and acetone used is 20 ml. The ball pen mark is of the same size. Even the cloths are of the same type. This means that the study is limited to these amounts only. This study is limited to testing which among bleach or acetone can remove a simple ball pen mark effectively. According to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_acetate#Uses, Ethyl Acetate is the solvent present in acetone that can remove the ball pen marks. It is also stated that ethyl acetate is also present in some hairsprays, alcohol, etc. The researchers recommend repeating the testing using different cloths and different amounts of bleach and acetone to test other possibilities. It is also suggested that the researchers use warm water for washing the cloths. Removing ball pen marks- http://housekeeping.about.com/od/stainremoval/a/inkstains.htm Acetone – Background of the Study. (2016, Dec 31).

Case Study Analysis Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case Study Analysis - Annotated Bibliography Example He also argues about the issue of organization and how it affects public administration. In this book, Bekkers et al (2006) tried to look at the problem of innovation and how it relates to public administration. The authors look at the process of innovation in the context of IT. They relate this to the use of IT in the public administration and how the technology can be used to create collaboration between the public and government. This book was important in this study with regard to understand the issue of technology and how it could be used to enhance public services. Denhardt (2011) looks at public administration departments as an organization and then tries to apply the theory of organizational learning. What he is trying to identify is if the government departments can acquire a learning model. The author also looks at the various models that can be used for public administration. The author looks at some of the most effective ones, especially in light of organizational learning. This book was very useful in this study because it provides a new dimension of organizational learning to the debate of effective public administration. Fang (2002) looks at the issue of government and how technology has assisted in the delivery of services by the government. Ho looks at both the upside and the downside of things with regard to IT technology in delivery of public services. This journal article is especially important as a source of information on how the challenges of using technology in the implementation of public administration. Garson (1999) tackles the issue of information technology in the context of public administration in the following regard. One, he tackles the issue of contemporary technology in public administration. More importantly, the book discusses the issue of information privacy with regard to the use of electronic service delivery. This is important in understanding how IT relates to public administration and many challenges